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Research paper
Spillover or endemic? Reconsidering the origins of Ebola virus disease outbreaks by revisiting local accounts in light of new evidence from Guinea
New research has found that the 2021 outbreak of EVD in Guinea originated in viral resurgence of a persistently infected survivor of the 2013–2016 epidemic
Evidence review
Lessons Learned from 2014–2016 Ebola Outbreak in Guinea: A Review of RCCE Related Publications
A review of 46 published reports of Ebola-related activities undertaken during the 2013–2016 outbreak in Guinea
Briefing
Key Considerations: 2021 Outbreak of Ebola in Guinea, the Context of N’Zérékoré fr
Key considerations about the social, political and economic context shaping the outbreak of Ebola in the N’Zérékoré prefecture, Guinea.
Briefing
Ebola in West Africa: Impact on Health
The current Ebola outbreak in West Africa is by far the largest ever recorded, and already numbers more cases than all past Ebola epidemics combined. This Briefing outlines the overall impact on health.
Briefing
Ebola in West Africa: Protection and Security
The lack of a prompt, robust, and efficient response to Ebola from the international community contributes to lack of trust in governments and exacerbates social tensions, increasing the possibility of profound unrest in these fragile countries.
Briefing
Ebola in West Africa: Potential Impact on Food Security
A multidimensional and multi-sector approach is required to contain the outbreak of Ebola while safeguarding against a long-term food security crisis.
Case study
Ebola in West Africa: Impact on Health Systems
Fear of contracting EVD and mistrust of the health system has made people reluctant to seek treatment from health facilities, further impacting the health sector and increasing the risk of mortality and morbidity from otherwise treatable diseases.
Case study
Ebola in West Africa: Guinea: Resistance to the Ebola Response
This report aims to analyse the resistance to the Ebola response in Guinea, by outlining the current situation and the evolution over the course of the outbreak, and exploring underlying and aggravating factors.
Briefing
WASH in Guinea, Liberia, and Sierra Leone: The Impact of Ebola
This document summarises the baseline data on WASH available for Guinea, Liberia, and Sierra Leone
Briefing
Ebola outbreak in West Africa 22 months: on Key issues for recovery and preparedness
While surveillance and treatment efforts to stop the transmission and re-emergence of Ebola continue, the response is moving away from its emergency phase towards longer-term recovery and building a more resilient health system.
Case study
Ebola outbreak in West Africa: Challenges to the reintegration of affected groups into communities
This report outlines the key challenges that Ebola survivors and their households, grieving families, orphans, quarantined people and frontline workers face as they reintegrate into their communities
Briefing
Beyond a Public Health Emergency: Potential Secondary Humanitarian Impacts of a Large-Scale Ebola Outbreak
This report documents the secondary humanitarian problems and impacts of largescale Ebola outbreak on the different humanitarian sectors
Briefing
Emergency Ebola Anthropology Network Advisory Brief: Culture and Clinical Trials fr
This advisory brief aims to provide anthropologically informed guidance to governmental and humanitarian actors involved in the Ebola response at local, national and international levels, about clinical trials for Ebola treatments, therapies and vaccines.
Case study
Les Gens du Riz (The Rice People) Kissi Funerals in the region of Guekedou and Kissidougou
This is a chapter on Kissi Funerals in the region of Guekedou and Kissidougou. Whilst this is based on fieldwork conducted in 1945-6, many of the ritual practices and meanings were current and observed in Kissi villages in 1991-3.
Briefing
Burial/Other Cultural Practices and Risk of EVD Transmission in the Mano River Region
While this briefing note identifies arenas of particular significance with regard to burial practices, such practices are not standardised, are likely to change as social responses to Ebola evolve, and therefore need to be discussed on a locality by locality…
Briefing
The flow of money at the community level fr
This brief summarises some key considerations about the flow and control of money in relation to the Ebola response.
Briefing
Regional food insecurity, work migration and roadblocks fr
This brief summarises some key considerations about food insecurity, the migration of men and youth for work and the implication these movements may have for the Ebola response.
Briefing
The significance of death, funerals and the after-life in Ebola-hit Sierra Leone, Guinea and Liberia: Anthropological insights into infection and social resistance
The aim of this briefing paper is to consider the various ways in which widely reported fear and resistance to the Ebola response can be understood, and what each way of understanding offers to those battling with the current epidemic.
Briefing
Ebola and Older People in Sierra Leone, Liberia and Guinea
The limited evidence available on age-disaggregated fatality rates of Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) consistently highlights the poor survival rates of older people compared with young adults.
Case study
‘Resistance’ in Guinea
The following key considerations have been collated from the suggestions and insights provided by over twenty-five anthropologists and social-behavioural scientists (based in West Africa and internationally) who answered an on-line call to provide guidance and operational recommendations in relation to…
Case study
Balancing Burial Rituals with Public Health Demands During the 2014 Guinean Ebola Epidemic fr
Case study addressing resistance to Ebola response measures
Television and Ebola
Circulating around the globe during the 2014-15 Ebola outbreak in West Africa were bold and sensationalistic headlines such as “Killer Virus”, “Ebola Here!” and “Burn dead bodies.” Along with such stark and shocking headlines were images of health providers sealed (concealed) within…
Background report
Unintended Consequences of the ‘Bushmeat Ban’ in West Africa during the 2013-2016 Ebola Virus Disease Epidemic
Following the 2013-2016 outbreak of Ebola virus disease (EVD) in West Africa, governments across the region imposed a ban on the hunting and consumption of meat from wild animals. This injunction was accompanied by public health messages emphasising the infectious…
Background report
Understanding Social Resistance to the Ebola Response in the Forest Region of the Republic of Guinea: An Anthropological Perspective
Why did Ebola response initiatives in the Upper Guinea Forest Region regularly encounter resistance, occasionally violent? Extending existing explanations concerning local and humanitarian “culture” and “structural violence,” and drawing on previous anthropological fieldwork and historical and documentary research, this article…
Briefing
Strengthening Health Systems for Resilience
In countries with high levels of poverty or instability and with poor health system management and governance, people are highly vulnerable to shocks associated with ill health, including major epidemics. An effective health system can help build their resilience by…
Briefing
Social Mobilization and Community Engagement Central to the Ebola Response in West Africa: Lessons for Future Public Health Emergencies.
Following the World Health Organization (WHO) declaration of a Public Health Emergency of International Concern regarding the Ebola outbreak in West Africa in July 2014, UNICEF was asked to co-lead, in coordination with WHO and the ministries of health of…
Background report
Extending the “Social”: Anthropological Contributions to the Study of Viral Haemorrhagic Fevers
Emerging Viral Haemorrhagic Fevers (VHFs) offer a frontier for a “One-Health” research agenda; the joined-up, or collaborative, effort of multiple disciplines to attain optimal health for people, animals, and the environment (e.g. http://www.onehealthinitiative.com/). Multidisciplinary work on Lassa Fever and Ebola…
Background report
Engaging ‘Communities’: Anthropological Insights from the West African Ebola Epidemic
The recent Ebola epidemic in West Africa highlights how engaging with the sociocultural dimensions of epidemics is critical to mounting an effective outbreak response. Community engagement was pivotal to ending the epidemic and will be to post-Ebola recovery, health system…
Background report
Ebola and Lessons for Development
As the Ebola crisis continues to unfold across West Africa and the international community belatedly responds, broader questions arise beyond the immediate challenges on the ground. These fundamentally challenge our understanding of ‘development’ as framed and practised in past decades.…
Background report
Comparison of Social Resistance to Ebola Response in Sierra Leone and Guinea Suggests Explanations Lie in Political Configurations not Culture
Instead of looking to 'culture' to explain patterns of social resistance (as was common in the media and in the discourse of responding public health authorities) a comparison between Sierra Leone and Guinea suggests that explanations lie in divergent political…
Evidence review
Understanding Social Resistance to Ebola Response in Guinea
This paper seeks to understand the fear many Guineans feel towards Ebola response initiatives and why the educators, doctors and burial teams have sometimes encountered resistance, occasionally violent.
Briefing
Healers Cure Mistrust in Guinea’s Health System after Horrors of Ebola
Practitioners of traditional medicine – the first port of call for 80% of Guineans – could be invaluable in helping fight other killer diseases, such as malaria.
Briefing
Social Stigma Compounds Desperate Poverty of Guinea’s Ebola Survivors
Shunned by their communities and unable to work, female survivors of Ebola in Guinea face profound hardship as they try to care for their families.
Briefing
Ebola Diaries: Lessons from Previous Ebola Outbreaks Help with the Response in Guinea
Marie Claire Therese Fwelo Mwanza, a social mobilization expert with 27 years experience at WHO, helped end 5 of the Democratic Republic of Congo’s (DRC) 7 Ebola outbreaks through effective community engagement. In 2014, Marie Claire played a role in…
Briefing
Working with Communities in Gueckedou for Better Understanding of Ebola
International partners are supporting Gueckedou health authorities to implement response actions. Médecins Sans Frontières has established a treatment centre and ensures the transport of suspected cases.
Briefing
Guinea: Reopening Schools Safely – Partnering with Families and Communities
After many months of prolonged closure due to fear of Ebola transmission, schools have reopened in Guinea last month. WHO and partners have played a crucial role in preparing schools to open their doors to students.
