This report summarizes preliminary results from fieldwork research conducted in Senegal during November, 2022. It is meant to expand our comprehension of climate-related security risks in Senegal, by examining the way local communities capitalise on everyday experience to develop a shared understanding around the effects of climate change over their livelihoods and wellbeing, along with the insecurity problems they collectively face.
Climate and Mobility in the West African Sahel: Conceptualising the Local Dimensions of the Environment and Migration Nexus
Despite the theoretical and methodological critique of deterministic and linear explanations of migration under changing climatic conditions, many empirical case studies in this field remain deeply entrenched in static push-pull frameworks and tend to reproduce simplistic causal relationships. Drawing on results from an interdisciplinary research project in Mali and Senegal, the chapter presents a methodological approach that emanates from past analytical shortcomings.
Civilian perception of the role of the military in Nigeria’s 2014 Ebola outbreak and health-related responses in the North East region
Civilian–military relations play an important yet under-researched role in low-income and middle-income country epidemic response. One crucial component of civilian–military relations is defining the role of the military. This paper evaluates the role of Nigerian military during the 2014–2016 West African Ebola epidemic.
Humanitarian Response to the Kahramanmaraş Earthquake in Syria
On 6 February 2023, an earthquake with a magnitude of 7.8 on the Richter scale brought destruction to southern Türkiye and northern Syria. The official death toll exceeded 50,000, with more than 7,000 fatalities occurring in Syria.1 An estimated 12 million people were affected by the earthquake in total.2 While international aid from the UN and member countries started reaching government-held areas in Syria soon after the earthquake struck, equitable access to humanitarian assistance faced multiple barriers. International support to areas not controlled by the government was markedly delayed, with the first UN delegation arriving on the fifth day after the earthquake.
Despite this, several good practices were documented in the local response in Northwest Syria. Equipped with over 12 years of experience in a chronic conflict, many Syrian non-governmental organisations (NGO) and grassroots organisations were quick to respond, forming new alliances and consortia.
Citizens, custodians, and villains: Environmentality and the politics of difference in Senegal’s community forests
This paper situates environmental subjectivities as a constituent part of the politics of identity, property, and authority, drawing on feminist theories of subjectivity and the framework of articulating identity. Through an ethnographic investigation of community forest management in central Senegal, the author examines how villagers constructed subject positions incorporating environmental discourses and their own identity-inflected experiences and interests.
Challenges in Implementing the National Health Response to COVID-19 in Senegal
Since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic in Africa, many epidemiological or anthropological studies have been published. However, few studies have yet been conducted to understand the implementation of State interventions to fight the COVID-19 pandemic. In Senegal, the national response plan was planned before the country experienced its first official case of COVID-19 on 2 March 2020. This qualitative study, conducted in March and April 2021, based on 189 interviews, aims to understand how the national response has been implemented in several regions of Senegal.
Caregiving in Crisis: Fatherhood Refashioned by Sierra Leone’s Ebola Epidemic
In much of the literature on Sierra Leone, young men have been recognized for perpetrating violence or resisting authority. This characterization extended into the Ebola crisis, as young men were depicted as “resisting” public health measures. In contrast, little scholarship has focused on men’s roles as caregivers during the epidemic. This article draws on ethnographic research conducted between 2014 and 2016 in eastern Sierra Leone to demonstrate how men contributed to caregiving. By focusing on these diverse types of male caregiving, this article challenges the ways in which “care” and “women” are often neatly linked and calls for a rethinking of stereotypes associating African men with violence.
Caregivers’ perception of risk for malaria, helminth infection and malaria-helminth co-infection among children living in urban and rural settings of Senegal: A qualitative study.
The parasites causing malaria, soil-transmitted helminthiasis and schistosomiasis frequently co-exist in children living in low-and middle-income countries, where existing vertical control programmes for the control of these diseases are not operating at optimal levels. This gap necessitates the development and implementation of strategic interventions to achieve effective control and eventual elimination of these co-infections. Central to the successful implementation of any intervention is its acceptance and uptake by caregivers whose perception about the risk for malaria-helminth co-infection has been little documented.
Ebola-Myths, Realities, and Structural Violence
This briefing examines responses to the Ebola outbreak and offers a different set of explanations, rooted in the history of the region and the political economy of global health and development.
Behavioural and emotional responses to the 2014 Ebola outbreak in Nigeria: a narrative review
This paper reviews the behavioural and emotional responses to the 2014 Ebola virus disease (EVD) outbreak in Nigeria as documented in scientific publications and portrayed in the media between 21 July 2014 and 30 March 2015.
Adding Scepticism About ‘Environmentality’: Gender Exclusion Through a Natural Resources Collectivization Initiative in Dionewar, Senegal
Research on the commons has demonstrated the capacity of local people to define efficient common resource management institutions and organizations that enforce them. However, little is still known about the motivations of the actors that craft bottom-up institutions. Environmentality proponents tie such motivations to the environmental awareness coming from local participation in previous governmental interventions in natural resource governance. This chapter is a critique of the environmentality concept.
Accepted monitoring or endured quarantine? Ebola contacts’ perceptions in Senegal
During the 2014-2016 West Africa Ebola epidemic, transmission chains were controlled through contact tracing, i.e., identification and follow-up of people exposed to Ebola cases. WHO recommendations for daily check-ups of physical symptoms with social distancing for 21 days were unevenly applied and sometimes interpreted as quarantine. Criticisms arose regarding the use of coercion and questioned contact tracing on ethical grounds. This article aims to analyze contact cases’ perceptions and acceptance of contact monitoring at the field level. In Senegal, an imported case of Ebola virus disease in September 2014 resulted in placing 74 contact cases in home containment with daily visits by volunteers. An ethnographic study based on in-depth interviews with all stakeholders performed in September-October 2014 showed four main perceptions of monitoring: a biosecurity preventive measure, suspension of professional activity, stigma attached to Ebola, and a social obligation. Contacts demonstrated diverse attitudes.
A story of abandonment: settlements and landscape in the Niokolo-Koba National Park, Senegal
Environmental migration is a growing concern of academics and policymakers, who foresee a rise in the number of such migrants. However, most prevailing academic and policy discourses ignore the variety of perceptions of environmental changes among people living in highly affected areas across the world. The authors examine the perceptions of environmental changes and how these are seen to be relevant to migration in Senegal, DR Congo, and Morocco. In total, they conducted 410 interviews with people living in two regions in each of these countries. Results indicate differences in the perception of environmental changes across regions, gender, education, and livelihoods. The economic activities of individuals determine exposure and sensitivity to environmental changes, while educational levels increase familiarity with prevailing environmental discourses and policies. Despite country-specific and regional differences across research sites, few people perceived environmental factors as directly related to their own or family members’ migration projects.
A Qualitative Study on How Perceptions of Environmental Changes are Linked to Migration in Morocco, Senegal, and DR Congo
Environmental migration is a growing concern of academics and policymakers, who foresee a rise in the number of such migrants. However, most prevailing academic and policy discourses ignore the variety of perceptions of environmental changes among people living in highly affected areas across the world. The authors examine the perceptions of environmental changes and how these are seen to be relevant to migration in Senegal, DR Congo, and Morocco. In total, they conducted 410 interviews with people living in two regions in each of these countries. Results indicate differences in the perception of environmental changes across regions, gender, education, and livelihoods. The economic activities of individuals determine exposure and sensitivity to environmental changes, while educational levels increase familiarity with prevailing environmental discourses and policies. Despite country-specific and regional differences across research sites, few people perceived environmental factors as directly related to their own or family members’ migration projects.
A History of Urban Planning and Infectious Diseases: Colonial Senegal in the Early Twentieth Century
This paper deals with the spatial implications of the French sanitary policies in early colonial urban Senegal. It focuses on the French politics of residential segregation following the outbreak of the bubonic plague in Dakar in 1914, and their precedents in Saint Louis. These policies can be conceived as most dramatic, resulting in a displacement of a considerable portion of the indigenous population, who did not want or could not afford to build à l’européen, to the margins of the colonial city. Aspects of residential segregation are analysed here through the perspective of cultural history and history of colonial planning and architecture, in contrast to the existing literature on this topic.
Integrated Outbreak Analytics (IOA) of measles recurrence in the DRC, Kilwa health zone, Haut-Katanga Province – May 2023
In March 2023, in support of the Ministry of Health, at the request of the Measles Coordination Unit (Direction Surveillance Epidémiologique-DSE), the Integrated Analytics Cell (CAI) carried out an integrated analysis in the Kilwa health zone (HZ) to understand the reasons for the recurrence of measles outbreaks.
Comment une Cellule d’Analyse Intégrée des Epidémies (AIE) répond aux questions opérationnelles (FR)
L’objectif de notre partenariat est de faciliter et encourager les communautés et les autorités sanitaires à concevoir des stratégies de Santé Publique responsables, redevables et efficaces reposant sur l’analyse de données objectives et multisectorielles. L’AIE adopte une approche holistique : des questions de recherche aux données recueillies ou consultées, en passant par l’interprétation des résultats et les recommandations qui en découlent. Enfin, l’AIE met l’accent sur l’intégration par les autorités sanitaires de tous les acteurs de la réponse, des communautés aux partenaires, et encourage le développement conjoint de recommandations d’activités de réponse.
pour plus d’informations, merci de contacter [email protected]
We are grateful to https://drawnalism.com/ for the great work!
How Integrated Outbreak Analytics (IOA) answers operational questions (ENG)
IOA aims to drive comprehensive, accountable, and effective public health and clinical strategies by enabling communities, and national and subnational health authorities to use data for operational decision-making. IOA embraces a holistic approach: from the research questions to the data that are collected or accessed, to the interpretation of results and the recommendations that follow. In addition, IOA promotes co-development and monitoring of evidence-informed recommendations with Ministries of Health.
for more information on IOA, please contact [email protected]
We are grateful to https://drawnalism.com/ for the great work!
People’s Agenda for Pandemic Preparedness
Research from 25 countries across six continents by over 50 researchers: What do people need to recover from pandemics? How do people think we should prepare and respond differently for the next pandemic?
Strengthening health information surveillance: Implementing community-based surveillance in Sudan
This case study explores the 2018–22 implementation of a national community-based surveillance programme in Sudan designed to meet critical needs of the existing health surveillance system.
Community-Based Surveillance in Public Health
Recent large-scale epidemics and pandemics have demonstrated the importance of engaging communities as partners in preventing, detecting and responding to public health emergencies. Community-based surveillance (CBS), which relies on communities to report public health information, can be an important part of effective, inclusive and accountable responses to humanitarian and public health emergencies, as well as long-term disease control.
This brief offers key considerations for CBS programming to guide policymakers, public health officials, civil society organisations, health workers, researchers, advocates, and others interested in health surveillance. It is based on a rapid review of CBS guidance and social science literature. It was written by Jennifer Palmer and Diane Duclos (both London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, LSHTM) with contributions by Mariam Sharif (École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales, EHESS). It was reviewed by Ruwan Ratnayake (LSHTM), Maysoon Dahab (LSHTM) and Luisa Enria (LSHTM).
Mpox in Nigeria – lessons from diverse experiences
Lessons from the 2022 mpox public health emergency in Nigeria are documented in a comic illustrated by Tim Zocco, produced in collaboration with the research team which studied the outbreak.
Views of mpox in Nigeria
This photo story explores how mpox is felt and understood by different people in Nigeria – including those with symptoms, the wider community and healthcare workers.
Darfur refugees in Egypt: Suffering out of the spotlight
This paper describes the conditions faced by Sudanese refugees in Egypt in recent history.
Sudanese refugees in Chad: Passing the baton to no one
This Refugees International report describes the conditions faced by Sudanese refugees in Chad in recent history.
Political economy of violence against women in Sudan
An analysis of the main socio-economic, political and cultural factors contributing to the emergence and perpetuation of violence against women, especially in conflict-prone areas.
Sudan: A political marketplace framework analysis
This paper provides a succinct analysis of Sudan as a political marketplace, offering a framework for analysing the Sudanese predicament so as to understand the implications of different courses of action.
The Sudan uprising and its possibilities: Regional revolution, generational revolution, and an end to Islamist politics?
Willow Berridge discusses parallels between the popular uprising in 2019 and Sudan’s two previous popular uprisings, the October Revolution of 1964 and the April Intifada of 1985.
Assessment of communication, community engagement and accountability in Sudan
An assessment of response-wide communication, community engagement and accountability (CCEA) work with the affected population in Sudan.
The ‘real politics’ of taxation in post-revolutionary Sudan
Matthew Benson and, Raga Makawi describe Sudan’s tax system and plans to search for domestic tax revenue to respond to economic, political and social uncertainty.
Sudan’s political marketplace in 2021: Public and political finance, the Juba agreement and contests
This paper examines the continuities and changes in Sudan’s political economy and political marketplace since the popular uprising in 2019 and the subsequent formation of a military-civilian transitional government.
Egypt: Police target Sudanese refugee activists
This Human Rights Watch article describes the political conditions and recent experiences of Sudanese refugees in Egypt which may shape how current Sudanese refugees are treated in the country.
Situational analysis: Marburg virus disease in Equatorial Guinea and Tanzania
This Key Considerations brief provides an overview of the Marburg virus disease outbreaks in Equatorial Guinea and Tanzania, as well as contextual factors to inform considerations for responses in both countries.
Protection analysis update
This update analyses priority protection risks and recommendations with findings based on an analysis of protection monitoring actors and assessments by the Protection Sector, its AoRs, protection partners and reports produced by other agencies.
High food prices, flooding and inter-communal clashes continue driving high needs
A Sudan food security outlook update describing different drivers of food insecurity among a range of vulnerable population groups.
Sudan hunger: ‘Children are facing the threat of death’
A news article looking at the crisis in Sudan.